湖湘仲景学派发展概要
——在首届中方国际中医论坛上的学术报告
胡方林 教授 刘仙菊 教授
（湖南中医药大学 湖南
长沙）
Overview of the Development of
Zhongjing School in Hunan Province
——Academic
Report on the First Zhongfang International TCM Forum
By Professor Hu Fanglin & Professor Liu Xianju
(Hunan University of Chinese medicine, Changsha City, Hunan
Province)
张机，字仲景,东汉时期著名医学家,著《伤寒杂病论》（16卷）,后世分别编成《伤寒论》和《金匾要略方论》两部极其重要的中医经典著作,被称为“方书之祖”，张仲景本人也被尊称为医圣。因张仲景做过长沙太守，故亦有称“张长沙”者，其方亦被称为“长沙方”。后人在研究、发展仲景学说过程中形成了不同的学术流派，更在此基础上形成了独具特色的地方仲景流派。
Zhang Ji, also
called Zhang Zhongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Eastern-han
dynasty (A.D. 25 to 220), wrote Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases
and Miscellaneous Diseases with 16 rolls. The later generations
respectively compiled it into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Formula
Discussion On Synopsis of Golden Chamber. These two important Chinese
medical classics were known as “the Father of
Medical
Formulary”. Zhang Zhongjing was also
regarded as the Medical Sage of China. Since Zhang Zhongjing was the
governor of Changsha city, he is also called “Zhang Changsha”; while his
medical
formulary also known as “Changsha
Formulary”. In the process of later generations’ research and development on
Zhongjing theory, different academic schools were formed. Even on this
basis, local Zhongjing’s schools with unique characters appeared. There were
many scholars studying on
Treatise
on
Febrile
Diseases and Synopsis of Golden
Chamber. During the period of Republic of China (1912-1949), four kinds
of editions of Zhongjing’s books were found. The ancient Hunan edition of
Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases found
by Liu Kunxiang in Jiangxi Province aroused great influence on modern
studies on typhoid fever. For a long time, Zhongjing School of thought in
Hunan province has not been valued in the field of medicine, so I make a
brief introduction about it as follows.
1．湖湘医家仲景学说研究著作考证
1. Textual research
on publication of Hunan medical scientists on Zhongjing theory.
郝氏等考证建安七年（202）,刘表攻破长沙之后,仲景被任命为长沙太守,从而留下了“大堂行医”的千古美谈。建安十八年（213）,张仲景撰成《伤寒杂病论》。因此，在其任长沙太守期间为《伤寒杂病论》成书奠定了基础。由于《伤寒杂病论》因当时战乱而散失,故唐初孙思邈编撰《千金要方》时未能见到《伤寒论》古本的原貌全书，而仅仅见到的是零散条文，所以孙氏在书中感慨：“江南诸师秘仲景要方不传”，引以为憾。其中“江南诸师”引人浮想，所谓“江南”究属何地，联系称仲景为张长沙，我们认为其中所谓“江南”即包括现今湖湘大地，因此也可以说仲景学说即发源和成熟于湖湘大地。据《湘医源流论》记载，自宋代以来，湖湘医家有关《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》的研究著作有35种，但大多已佚。
Mr. Hao Shi verified
that in the 7th year of Jian An period (A.D. 202), after Liu Biao
attacked and occupied the Changsha city, Zhang Zhongjing was appointed as
the governor of Changsha city, and left the beautiful story of “medical
practice in the lobby of office”. In 18th year of Jian An period
(A.D. 213), Zhang Zhongjing wrote the classic of Treatise on Exogenous
Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases. Just scattered parts of
this book were found, the famous Dr. Sun Simiao expressed regrets in his
book Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies: “All medial
physicians in south China failed to teach Zhongjing’s prescriptions.” It is
a pity. The concept of Medical Masters in South China made people to concern
over it. The so-called “south China”, where is it? Referring to Zhang
Zhongjing as Zhang Changsha, we think that the so-called “south China” must
include the current Hunan province. Therefore, we can say that Zhongjing’s
theory originated and became mature in Hunan province. According to the
record of the Theory of Hunan Medical Origin, since the Song dynasty
(A.D. 960-11276), there were 35 kinds of Hunan physicians’ research works on
Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of
Golden Chamber, but most of them were lost.
2．近代教育注重《伤寒》、《金匮》的传授，弘扬仲景学说
2. Modern education pays
attention to pass on knowledge of Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases and
Miscellaneous Diseases and Synopsis of Golden Chamber, and develop and
expand Zhongjing theory.
近代以来，西方医学在我国广泛传播，中医药与中医教育面临着西洋医学潮流的冲击，不少中医有识之士努力吸取西方医学及其教育学知识，以求与全新的历史条件相适应，为了继承和保存祖国医学，兴办了一批中医学校。在湖南，1896年，长沙朱云谷率先在东乡棠坡创办乐全医馆，1923年，郑修诚创办民道医校。期间最有影响的为湖南国医专科学校，该校创建于1934年，停办于1941年，为现湖南中医药大学前身。其办学宗旨是用科学方法整理国医学术，培养造就国医药专科人才。
Since the modern times, western
medicine widely spread in our country, while TCM and its education faced
challenges of western medicine. Many TCM scholars absorbed knowledge of
western medicine and education science so as to adapt to the new historical
condition. In order to inherit and rescue the medical science of our
country, many people established a few TCM schools. In 1896, Zhu Yungu in
Changsha City took the lead in setting up Le Quan Hospital; in 1923, Zheng
Xiucheng established Min Dao Medical School. The most successful one was
Hunan National TCM Technical College, which was founded in 1934, while
suspended in 1941. It was the predecessor of Hunan University of Chinese
Medicine. The goals of school were to sort out theories of TCM with
scientific methods as well as to cultivate TCM specialists.
3．近代湖南在特殊时期对保护、弘扬仲景学说的贡献
3. Contributions to the
protection and development of Theory of Zhang Zhongjing in the special
period in Hunan province during modern times
民国初年，湖南名医刘世桢（崑湘）漫游江西时，在一山谷中遇一张姓老者授以秘本《伤寒杂病论》，后经其宗人刘仲迈校后1932年于长沙石印公世，该书由何键抄写印行，即长沙古本，亦称湘古本。何键(1887-1956)，字云泉、芸樵，号容园，长沙府醴陵人。1927年至1937年中，担任湖南省政府主席。其人虽在政治上倒行逆施，但好旧学，对国医比较感兴趣，提倡读经，“曾于1931年捐银1万元，令王纤青筹设湖南省国医院，典长沙市沙河街56号房屋为院址”，当时该医院设有总院与分院。湖南国医专科学校创办时捐资1千元，湖南国医专科学校创办后一直予以经济上的资助，经常到学校参观、演讲、训话,1934年，批准湖南国医专科学校同其它学校一样在南岳参加军训等。在当时历史条件下，何键的所作所为对于传承中医，发扬仲景学说可以说在国内较为罕见，因此湖湘大地对仲景学说研究和教学传承蔚然成风.
In the early Republic of China
(1912-1949), Liu Shizhen, a famous physician in Hunan province, in a valley
during his travel in Jiangxi province met an old man, whose name is Zhang.
This old man gave him a
treasured
private
copy
of Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases
and Miscellaneous Diseases. His offspring, Lou Zhongmai proofread it; the
book was published lithographically in Changsha city in 1932. The book was
transcribed and published by Mr. He Jian. It was Changsha Ancient Copy, also
called Xiang Ancient Copy. He Jian (1887-1956), also called Yun Quan, Yun
Jiao or Rong Yuan, a man from Liling district of Changsha area, as the
chairman of Hunan Province Government during 1927 to 1937. This person was
in political malfeasance, but he liked traditional cultures. He also was
interested in TCM and he advocated reading classics. In 1931, he donated 10
thousands taels of silver, and commanded Wan Qianqing to prepare and set up
the Hunan TCM hospital. He chose a house as its site at No. 56, Shahe
street, Changsha city. At that time, there were institutes and branch
institutes in that hospital. When Hunan TCM School was founded, he donated
more than 1000 taels of silver. After its foundation, he always offered
economic assistance, visited the school, made speeches, and gave admonitory
advices to his subordinate people. In 1934, Hunan TCM School was approved to
participate in military training in Nan Yue Mountain as other schools. Under
the historical condition at that time, He Jian’s deed for the inheritance of
TCM and promotion of Zhongjing Theory were relatively rare in China.
Therefore, research and inheritance of Zhongjing Theory in Hunan province
became common practices.
湖湘医家在注解《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》时精究考据，在伤寒病因病机、传变途径以及辨证施治方面均提出新说，并创制新方，形成了具有湖湘地域特点的仲景学派。此前我们做了初步的研究探讨，虽有不足，但值得深入研究，以促进中医学术流派的争鸣和繁荣。
Hunan physicians
annotated Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous
Diseases and Synopsis of Golden Chamber with finely investigated
textual research. They presented the opinions of pathomechanism and
pathogenesis of typhoid, ways of transformation as well as treatment
determination based on syndrome differentiation, and created new
prescriptions and finally produced Zhonjing School with unique Hunan
regional characters. Sometime ago, we have done some basic study. Even
though the works were insufficient, it deserves further research to promote
the prosperity of the academic schools of TCM.
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